Does the pandemic have a gender? An exploratory study about the Perceived Impact of COVID-19 measures on women and men in Ukraine and Belarus

This paper examines the perceived effects of COVID-19 containment policies in Ukraine and Belarus, focusing on how these policies disproportionately affected men and women due to societal gender roles and stereotypes. The study uses document analysis, interviews with gender experts and activists, and a survey of 109 respondents to explore the different quarantine behaviours of men and women in the two countries. The analysis reveals how the virus was handled differently in the two countries, with Ukraine implementing strict lockdowns while Belarus downplayed the severity of the virus. In addition, the survey analysis was based on four dimensions - economic, social, healthcare and well-being, and civic empowerment - contributing to uncovering citizens' perceptions of the implications of the pandemic in their daily lives. The paper concludes by providing policy recommendations to address the economic and social impacts of the pandemic, as well as ways to better manage future health crises by addressing gender-specific needs. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Gender Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

From "woman in jeopardy” to COVID-19 lockdown: the gender gap in TV movies aired on Spanish generalist television (2005-2020)

The number of TV movies aired on Spain television over the last decade has increased exponentially. These primarily North American and German productions not only take up a large part of lunchtime and the afternoon;they also portray women rooted in gender stereotypes that are clearly at odds with the female gender values of autonomy and equal rights. However, 2017 saw an increase in female directors making TV movies portraying women in a significant variety of roles. This trend, which continues during the COVID‑19 pandemic, has led to a partial shift in the construction of gender. Our research assesses the transformation of gender portrayal and the ideological construction behind TV movies, including their subject matter, lead characters, frequency of airings, and target audience. This study also examines women's roles in TV-movie production, including screenwriting and directing, and seeks to ascertain the leading TV-movie production companies that broadcast their output in Spain and address the business philosophy behind these producers. Finally, we review the Spanish channels that most frequently schedule TV Movies in large numbers, as well as their guidelines, target and vision.

A cross-industry comparison of how women leaders experience gender bias

PurposeThis paper compares how women leaders in four US industries–higher education, faith-based non-profits, healthcare and law–experience 15 aspects of gender bias.Design/methodology/approachThis study used convergent mixed methods to collect data from 1,606 participants. It included quantitative assessment of a validated gender bias scale and qualitative content analysis of open-ended responses.FindingsResults suggest that, while gender bias is prevalent in all four industries, differences exist. Participants in higher education experienced fewer aspects of gender bias than the other three industries related to male culture, exclusion, self-limited aspirations, lack of sponsorship and lack of acknowledgement. The faith-based sample reported the highest level of two-person career structure but the lowest levels of queen bee syndrome, workplace harassment and salary inequality. Healthcare tended towards the middle, reporting higher scores than one industry and lower than another while participants working in law experienced more gender bias than the other three industries pertaining to exclusion and workplace harassment. Healthcare and law were the two industries with the most similar experiences of bias.Originality/valueThis research contributes to human resource management (HRM) literature by advancing understanding of how 15 different gender bias variables manifest differently for women leaders in various industry contexts and by providing HRM leaders with practical steps to create equitable organizational cultures.

Changing workplace patterns in Saudi Arabia: a gender lens

This study explores the perspectives of employed married women in Saudi Arabia and the impact of changing workplace patterns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative approach draws on the findings from in-depth semi-structured interviews with married Saudi working women in the public education sector. The key findings are identified through a thematic analysis. First, remote work is considered to provide a suitable and quiet workplace. Second, the challenges include weak internet connections (major factor), followed by communication, sitting for long periods, institutional disrespect for official working hours and non-specific working hours (minor factors). A specific difficulty was the distraction of children, but this was considered manageable. Third, working remotely gives Saudi married working women opportunities to increase their performance and productivity, develop themselves, create work-life balance and improve their technology skills. Finally, in the education sector, a blended workplace is a suitable pattern that can be implemented effectively. The study is exploratory with a small sample size, so the findings cannot be generalized. However, it generates new insights into gender stereotypes regarding the difficulties and opportunities of the changing workplace patterns caused by COVID-19, through the lens of Saudi married working women.

Pandemic silver lining: how the COVID-19 pandemic helped women to beat the "gender stereotypes pandemic” in entrepreneurship

Purpose: This study aims to explore how the COVID-induced exogenous shock changed the prevalent occupational gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship in urban Turkey and presented an opportunity to some Turkish women to start their own business. Furthermore, this study investigated how women entrepreneurs' social networks helped them to clear the gendered hurdles that hindered their entrepreneurial endeavors in the times of COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach: Highly personal topics like gender stereotypes are complex and nebulous, as is entrepreneurship as lived experience. Moreover, the COVID-induced crisis complicates the context further, which is why the addressal of questions about gendered stereotypes in the process of entrepreneurship, and the role of social networks in that process, warrants a qualitative research approach. Consequently, this study relied on in-depth semistructured interviews for investigating the study's research questions. Findings: The findings suggest that research participants used the COVID-induced crisis conditions as an opportunity to beat the existing occupational gender stereotyping in entrepreneurship in the context of urban Turkey that opened a window of opportunity for the women participants to enter into entrepreneurship. In addition, social networks significantly helped the women entrepreneurs to acquire resources, and provided the leverage needed to clear the gendered hurdles that hindered the women's entrepreneurial endeavors. Originality/value: To the best of the author's knowledge, this study is among the first that generates insights into occupational gender stereotyping in entrepreneurship within the context of a developing country in the times of COVID-19 crisis. Hence, this study can help to understand the broader implications of the crisis like COVID-19 for gender-related beliefs and attitudes toward women entrepreneurship within the context of developing countries. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Mental health between present issues and future expectations.

Based on a 2020 survey of more than 4000 working-age women, we investigate the main determinants of mental distress during the COVID-19 first wave in Italy. We address the role of two groups of drivers: present issues (e.g., present working status) and expectations about the future (e.g., fear of losing the job). Our results show that expectations do play a crucial role on mental distress. Younger women and those lacking a high school degree are in most distress. even controlling for individual fixed effects, and contextual factors which account for potential dynamics in the labor market. We investigate how expectations interact with several individual dimension, as age, level of education, sector of employment, and individual gender norms. Expectations of future employment is still among the main driver, but respondents with higher stereotype show higher distress due to uncertainty about the future employment of the partner, suggesting that the prevalence of a traditional breadwinner model is a source of additional distress on this population.

Exploring the nexus between microlevel and contextual influencers on women leaders' paradox mindset

Purpose>Women leaders struggle with the persistent paradoxical expectations. Literature suggests that a paradox mindset helps to leverage these tensions. This study aims to understand the nexus between the microfoundations of individual women leaders' experiences, their responses and the organisational context, which enables or hinders their paradox mindset.Design/methodology/approach>This study adopted a qualitative approach by conducting semistructured interviews with 14 women, all senior leaders in corporate South Africa.Findings>The results reveal the interaction in the nexus between, firstly, women leaders' authenticity and awareness as key anchors that enable them to adopt a paradox mindset and, secondly, the organisation's role in creating hindrances or opportunities to leverage tensions. Women leaders in our sample applied one of two strategies: they either adapted to the environment or curated a subenvironment. This study shows that, if done authentically, through her own agency, a woman can influence interactions that make it easier to manage tensions within her environment, especially those created by negative performance evaluation because of unconscious institutional gender bias.Research limitations/implications>The extent to which the findings of this research can be generalised is constrained by the selected research context.Originality/value>This research contributes to the literature on paradox theory by revealing organisational contextual influencers, such as institutional bias in negative performance evaluation, which hinders a woman leader's opportunity to be hired or promoted. These organisational influences also interact with women leaders' ability to embrace paradox and internally leverage agentic and communal tensions.

Women scientists in Italian media in times of coronavirus: Between low recognition and success as experts

During the months of lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Italian media helped provide an unprecedented degree of exposure for women scientists. The essay highlights the results of a quantitative and qualitative study on the portrayal and self-portrayal of Italian women scientists based on the digital editions of eight daily national newspapers and ten talk shows on the main national television channels from February to May 2020. The aim of the study is to show if and how those women scientists were valued as ‘experts' or, alternatively, discredited professionally. The picture that emerges is ambivalent: on the one hand, most journalists of both sexes minimize the role of women scientists, and on the other hand, their ability to appear as authoritative in science as their male colleagues makes us optimistic about the role they can hypothetically play in convincing the new generation of Italian women to study STEM subjects. © 2023 Intellect Ltd Article. English language.

Women in TV advertising during the pandemic COVID-19 in Spain and Portugal

This article studies the role of women in television advertisements during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain and Portugal. Through a mixed methodological design and semiotically inspired, we elaborated an analysis sheet that incorporates variables related to gender issues, female stereotypes and representativeness of women in advertising. We analyze a sample of television advertisements broadcast on television and during prime time in both countries. It was found that although women have emerged with a certain prominence, they are frequently portrayed as caregivers, mothers and housewives. In this sense, we reflect on the role of advertising as a determining vehicle to mitigate differences and, consequently, for a possible deconstruction of gender stereotypes. © 2022, Superior School of Advertising and Marketing. All rights reserved.

Pandemic silver lining: how the COVID-19 pandemic helped women to beat the “gender stereotypes pandemic” in entrepreneurship

Purpose: This study aims to explore how the COVID-induced exogenous shock changed the prevalent occupational gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship in urban Turkey and presented an opportunity to some Turkish women to start their own business. Furthermore, this study investigated how women entrepreneurs’ social networks helped them to clear the gendered hurdles that hindered their entrepreneurial endeavors in the times of COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach: Highly personal topics like gender stereotypes are complex and nebulous, as is entrepreneurship as lived experience. Moreover, the COVID-induced crisis complicates the context further, which is why the addressal of questions about gendered stereotypes in the process of entrepreneurship, and the role of social networks in that process, warrants a qualitative research approach. Consequently, this study relied on in-depth semistructured interviews for investigating the study’s research questions. Findings: The findings suggest that research participants used the COVID-induced crisis conditions as an opportunity to beat the existing occupational gender stereotyping in entrepreneurship in the context of urban Turkey that opened a window of opportunity for the women participants to enter into entrepreneurship. In addition, social networks significantly helped the women entrepreneurs to acquire resources, and provided the leverage needed to clear the gendered hurdles that hindered the women’s entrepreneurial endeavors. Originality/value: To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is among the first that generates insights into occupational gender stereotyping in entrepreneurship within the context of a developing country in the times of COVID-19 crisis. Hence, this study can help to understand the broader implications of the crisis like COVID-19 for gender-related beliefs and attitudes toward women entrepreneurship within the context of developing countries. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

GENDER, LITERATURE AND ADOLESCENTS IN PANDEMIC TIMES.

We propose in this document an interpretation of reality based on gender theory and cultural analysis to understand current relationships between adolescents and gender stereotypes in Querétaro, México. We offer details of applied qualitative research carried out virtually because of the health crisis of COVID-19 in October 2020, with a population from the High School with the Participatory Action Research method. We identified the presence of a mirage of equality (Valcárcel, 2011) as a central problem. We analyze from a qualitative perspective how this mirage is linked to the stereotypes to plan a social interventional project-oriented to questioning them. For girls, we identified the validity of beauty mandates in women, stigmatization of female sexuality, and their worry about the current scene of gender-based violence in Mexico. Males, in general, complied with a traditional stereotype of masculinity, physical and emotional strength. Therefore, we offer detailed analysis of the information retrieved in the diagnosis, the design of the literature and gender workshop, and the results we obtained from its application. From these results, we highlight the adolescent's population demands to create more dialogue spaces about gender, their opinions about how to improve the workshop for future implementations, and the sensitivity about gender and society that they developed (criticisms of adultcentrism). Finally, we emphasize the value of working with literature as a tool that contributes to the sensibility of these subjects. Therefore, we share a strategy to contribute to the construction of a fairer and more inclusive society through education. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] En este documento proponemos una lectura de la realidad a partir de la teoría de género y los análisis culturales para comprender las relaciones actuales entre las y los adolescentes y los estereotipos de género en Querétaro, México. Ofrecemos los detalles de una investigación aplicada con enfoque cualitativo, realizada de manera virtual debido la crisis sanitaria de COVID-19 en octubre de 2020 con una población de estudiantes de Educación Media Superior utilizando el método Intervención Acción Participativa. Identificamos la presencia del espejismo de la igualdad (Valcárcel, 2011) como problema medular. Desde la mirada cualitativa analizamos de qué manera este espejismo se vincula con los estereotipos, para así planificar un proyecto de intervención social orientado a problematizarlos. En el caso de las adolescentes identificamos la vigencia del mandato de belleza en las mujeres, la estigmatización de la sexualidad femenina y la preocupación por la violencia de género en el país. Los varones, en general, cumplieron con un estereotipo tradicional de la masculinidad: el imperativo de la fortaleza física y emocional. Ofrecemos, por lo tanto, el análisis detallado sobre la información recuperada en el diagnóstico, el diseño del taller de literatura y género, y los resultados que obtuvimos de él. Entre estos últimos destacamos las demandas de la población de adolescentes por crear más espacios de diálogo en torno al género, cómo mejorar la implementación del taller y la sensibilización que desarrollaron sobre el género y la sociedad (críticas al adultocentrismo). Compartimos una estrategia para contribuir con la construcción de una sociedad más justa e inclusiva desde la educación. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Revista de Estudios de Género. La Ventana is the property of Universidad de Guadalajara and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

CURRENT PROBLEMS OF THE IMPACT OF GENDER EQUALITY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN UKRAINE

The main purpose of the article was to study the gender equality principles in the Ukrainian justice system. This paper covered the main mechanisms of the state of modern international legal regulations on the impact of gender equality in the administration of justice. The main issues arising upon the implementation of gender equality issues in the justice system of Ukraine were identified. It was suggested that new mechanisms of further improvement of the corresponding law enforcement practice. It was concluded that particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, the recognition of gender equality in Ukraine as a key aspect of sustainable development requires the introduction of a gender integration policy in all areas, including in the justice system, where it is necessary to recognise gender aspects upon delivering justice. © 2022 Asociacion Mexicana de Maestros de Ingles MEXTESOL A.C. All rights reserved.

The Influence of Gender Stereotypes on the Growth of Gender Inequality and Domestic Violence in Russia in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The present article is concerned with the influence of gender stereotypes on gender inequality and violence against women in modern Russia as well as the response of government institutions and civil society organisations to domestic violence incidents under lockdown. Conclusions on the role of stereotypes in the growth of inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic are based on findings of the research carried out by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM) and the Institute of Socio-Economic Studies of Population of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The COVID-19 pandemic revealed profound vulnerabilities concerning the state of women and exacerbated the current issues of gender discrimination. Today, discrimination has become obvious, and, to a certain degree, the state has recognised its prevalence in the labour market as well as in the areas of political activities and career advancement. However, existence of gender discrimination is still negated when it comes to issues of violence against women and reproductive rights. In general, the measures that have been implemented that aim to reduce women's vulnerability are fragmentary and inadequate. © 2022. Journal of International Women’s Studies.

The Road to Femvertising: Stereotypes and Empowerment Analysis in Turkish Television Advertisements 1

Women have been represented by stereotypes and gender roles in the advertising industry for years. A new era of strong women representations has begun with female empowerment activities in advertising. Female empowerment in advertising is called femvertising. Femvertising activities aim to destroy stereotypes in advertisements, ignore sexuality, give pro-female messages, and represent women in an authentic way. The purpose of the study is to investigate women's representations in television advertising by analyzing stereotypes and female empowerment in Turkey. For this purpose, television advertisements, broadcasting on Turkish television channels between September 2020 and November 2020, were examined by content analysis. In Turkey, television ratings and shares were lower in Summer 2020, and started to rise after September 2020. Due to the increase in ratings and shares in Fall 2020, the television advertisements broadcasted in September, October, and November 2020 were included in the research to understand women representations in Turkish television advertising. A total of 189 television advertisements were analyzed after eliminating all repeated advertisements during this period. A coding schema was formed to examine the advertisements, and the criteria from previous studies such as gender, narrator, age, roles, characters, and empowerment activities were used in the coding schema. Findings revealed that women continue to be represented by stereotypes and shown in passive roles such as parenting and housekeeping. Female empowerment activities were used in only 28 of 189 advertisements. The research contributes to the literature of women's studies in terms of showing the latest findings related to women representations in broadcast advertising.

Hang up on stereotypes: Domestic violence and an anti-abuse helpline campaign

We estimate the effectiveness of a government-led anti-domestic-abuse campaign launched in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic on the number of calls to the Italian domestic violence helpline. In the week after the start of the campaign, we document a sharp increase in the number of calls. By exploiting geographical variation in the exposure to the campaign ads aired on public TV networks, we find that greater exposure is associated with an increase in the number of calls after the launch of the campaign. However, the effectiveness of the media campaign is hindered in areas where gender stereotypes are stronger.

"It's My Responsibility to Care for Him, My Household, and the Society": Gendered Roles and the COVID-19 Outbreak

Although the COVID-19 pandemic, its ensuing lockdowns, and the accelerated rate of pandemic outbreaks in the last six (6) years have resulted in burdening household realities for all. There seems to be an increasing and bruising reality for the feminine role. Therefore, this article examined the extent of the increasing realities, vulnerabilities and burden on women and girls during the COVID-19 pandemic globally. The radical feminist theorisation was found most suitable in analysing some of the experiences women and girls encountered during other epidemics and the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the systematic review of articles on the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases between 2014-2020;findings showed that the COVID-19 and other epidemics outbreaks have heightened the roles of women and girls within and outside households and have resulted in increased economic realities, increased vulnerabilities to infections, increased mortality rates due to conflicts, violence and displacements;the inability of the girl-child to focus on home-schooling via the e-learning platforms as a result of the increased burden of household activities amongst others. These gendered roles and stereotypes accrued to women and girls took another dimension during the COVID-19 outbreak, especially as the world experienced partial and total lockdown. Hence, this study recommended the dire need for community engagement and sensitisation to better educate women and men about possible risk factors and shared responsibility for preventive actions against future pandemics. Finally, data disaggregation on these gender demands and realities in the household is important to create platforms to generate further discussions.

The Role of Emirati Women in Confronting Social Media Misconceptions on the Covid Vaccine

As disagreements rage about the source of the Covid-19 virus, one universal consensus has been established. It is that humanitys surest guarantee to curbing and mitigating the deadly pandemic is the discovery and wide administration of a vaccine to prevent infection, serious illnesses, and hospitalizations etc. As different countries grapple to roll out the covid vaccine, the world is confronted by another virus that could prove to undermine efforts at curbing Covid-19. Vaccine misinformation is playing into the hands of anti-vaccine groups who are taking advantage of social media platforms that are easily accessible and devoid of editorial gatekeeping to propagate often unfounded rumors about vaccine efficacy and safety. As a result, today, vaccine hesitancy is undermining the efforts put in place to fight the virus. Despite this, today the UAE is among the top three countries in the world with the highest vaccinated population. This paper attempts to provide insight into the uptake of Covid vaccine among Emirati women. The paper assumes that the decision to take covid vaccine or not is, among others, a product of information and perception. Given the centrality of social media as a source of information to most people in the UAE, we inquire into its role in shaping perceptions and attitudes on the covid vaccine among Emirati women. Our findings reveal that over 84% of respondents are vaccinated and factors that account for such vaccine uptake among Emirati women are both general and specific and center around communication and government policy. The paper concludes that contrary to established stereotypical images of Middle Eastern, Arab, Muslim women as passive and laid back, the attitude of Emirati women towards the vaccine brings to fore the role of women in social change thereby challenging established stereotypes.

Managing multiple roles during the COVID-19 lockdown: Not men or women, but parents as the emotional "loser in the crisis"

The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global crisis with high demands for the general population. In this research, we conducted a cross-sectional online study (N = 2278), which was diverse regarding age, employment, and family status to examine emotional well-being in times of the lockdown. We focused on inter-role conflict as a central factor associated with well-being. We tested whether individuals with high inter-role conflict (e.g. care-taker and employee) would appraise the lockdown more negatively than those experiencing low role-conflict and whether this would be associated with fatigue. In addition, we looked at gender as moderating this link. Latent modelling only showed small gender specific effects in the non-parent sample. However, in the parent sample, we found that although men experience less inter-role conflict than women on average, they coped significantly less well with it. We discuss the role of gender stereotypes in creating these psychological obstacles for men and women. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Working mothers in East and West Germany: a cluster analysis using a three-stage approach

Purpose>The second Frankfurt Career Study was conducted in 2017 in East and West Germany to analyze the impact of motherhood on female professional advancement in the specific national context of Germany. In addition, this study aims to present a unique perspective of the similarities and dissimilarities between the Western and Eastern parts of the country.Design/methodology/approach>The research is presented as a three-stage statistical approach based on quantitative data generated from a survey conducted among 2,130 working mothers. In the first step, the authors performed a multiple correspondence analysis to explore the relationships between important categorical variables. Using the object scores obtained in the first step, we then ran a hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by the third and last step: using the k-means clustering method to partition the survey respondents into groups.Findings>The authors found that working mothers in Germany are distributed according to four clusters mainly described by demographics and orientation toward work. East Germany has been found as a more egalitarian context than West Germany with respect to family system arrangements. However, the upper bound of the sample in West Germany presented an atypical female breadwinner model in high-performance households.Originality/value>The authors want to contribute to previous investigations on the topic by providing a more comprehensive view of the phenomenon, especially comparing the two different family systems and social norms from the Eastern and Western parts of the country. The authors ask whether and how career perspectives and female labor supply are influenced by drivers such as work–family conflict determinants, working mothers demographics, partner support and employer support.

Reassessing Gender Differences in COVID-19 Risk Perception and Behavior.

Objective: This article reassesses the gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior found in previous studies by examining to what extent the gender gap in the adoption of COVID-19 preventive behaviors is dependent on women's and men's perceptions of risk. Methods: The data utilized in this study were obtained from the "Understanding America Study Coronavirus in America ('COVID') Survey," conducted by the Center for Economic and Social Research (CESR), at the University of Southern California. Result: This study shows that women are more risk averse than men, but that the gender gap in risk behavior depends on the level of risk that is associated with COVID-19. Conclusion: Risk perception is a stronger driver of risk behavior for men than for women, who generally tend to adopt safe measures to protect themselves and others. Different messages should be delivered to women and men to increase compliance with norms.